Plant Cell, Organ and Tissue Culture
Bahman Fazeli-Nasab; Ahmad Farid Rahmani; Hamideh Khajeh
Abstract
A long time has passed since the first experience of In Vitro propagation of olive, but the presence of very strong end dominance in the neoplasm stage, which cannot be controlled by various cytokinin treatments, has limited the possibility of propagation in vitro. Therefore, the aim of the present study ...
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A long time has passed since the first experience of In Vitro propagation of olive, but the presence of very strong end dominance in the neoplasm stage, which cannot be controlled by various cytokinin treatments, has limited the possibility of propagation in vitro. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the micro-propagation feasibility inside olive glasses of olive cultivar Kroneiki. For branching and rooting of lateral buds, the experiment was carried out as a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications. Branching factors include five types of culture media (MS, MS1/2, MSM, MSM1/2 and OM), two types of hormones (BAP and Zeatin), and three types of hormone concentrations (control, 0.5 and 1 mg/L) and there were three types of time periods. Rooting factors include five types of culture media (MS, MS1/2, MSM, MSM1/2 and OM), two types of hormone combinations (IBA and NAA), four types of hormone concentrations (control, combination of 0.2 with 0.5, combination 0.5 with 1 and a combination of 0.75 with 1.5 mg/L) and three types of time intervals. Analysis of variance was performed by Statistix10 software and the comparison of mean traits was performed using the least significant difference test. The effects of culture medium, different hormones and also different concentrations of hormones used in the period, on the number of green leaves, number of yellow leaves, fresh weight and dry weight of seedlings as well as rooting were examined , which were found different (P <0.01). The highest length of branch (1.8 cm) was obtained in MSM culture medium with BAP hormone in the third week. The highest fresh weight (0.06 g), the highest dry weight (0.003 g) and the highest amount of green leaves (55.39%) were obtained from the treatment of MSM medium with 1 ppm of BAP hormone. The highest rooting rate (95.17%) was obtained from the treatment of MS1/2 medium with 1.5 ppm of BAP hormone and 0.75 ppm of NAA hormone in the third week. The most effective culture medium and hormone on branching was MSM culture medium with 1 ppm BAP hormone and on rooting, MS1 culture medium with 1.5 ppm BAP hormone and 0.75 ppm NAA hormone.
Plant Cell, Organ and Tissue Culture
Hamideh Khajeh; Farzaneh Fazeli; Ayoub Mazarie
Abstract
In vitro cultivation method is a proper way to fast propagation of commercial rose cultivars with high uniformity, and even today, it is regarded as a desirable solution for correction through genetic manipulation. In order to study the effect of hormone and culture medium on the micropropagation potential ...
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In vitro cultivation method is a proper way to fast propagation of commercial rose cultivars with high uniformity, and even today, it is regarded as a desirable solution for correction through genetic manipulation. In order to study the effect of hormone and culture medium on the micropropagation potential of GolD damask rose, an experiment was conducted as a completlely randomized design with three replications. In this study, Lateral bud explants, 5 culture media including MS, 1.2 MS, VS, 1.2 VS, and WPM with four plant growth regulators including benzylaminopurine (BAP), 2-isopentenyl adenine (2iP), naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), and indole butyric acid (IBA) were evaluated at concentrations of 0, 0.5, 1, and 1.5 mgL-1. The results of analysis of variance showed a significant difference between culture media, type and causality of hormones, and their interaction for the studied traits. The best response for these traits was obtained from VS medium, and the weakest response was taken from WPM medium. The results of interaction effect showed that the highest values for shoot length, greenness, percentage of yellow leaves, fresh and dry weight of shoots in VS medium were obtained using BAP hormone at a concentration of 1.5 mgL-1. The highest mean of rooting percentage, fresh and dry weight of roots was obtained in VS medium using 1.5 mgL-1 IBA.
Bioinformatics
Davoud Naderi; Raheba Jami; Fazal UR Rehman
Abstract
Recent Genomic research has significantly developed human knowledge on structural non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) which folds into characteristic secondary structures and performs specific-structure dependent biological functions. Hence, RNA secondary structure prediction is among the most commonly evaluated ...
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Recent Genomic research has significantly developed human knowledge on structural non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) which folds into characteristic secondary structures and performs specific-structure dependent biological functions. Hence, RNA secondary structure prediction is among the most commonly evaluated issues in computational RNA biology. The aim of the present study is to introduce the key role of RNA motifs in biological processes. Such motifs are specifically effective in regulating gene expression, maintaining structure and strength of RNA molecule, splicing the early mRNA, and providing the most appropriate recognition site for protein binding. Doing research and analyzing RNA motifs requires using several methods and algorithms which can provide the structure and properties of these building blocks in organisms. Generally, the most successful computational methods used in organizing RNA include the QRNA, RNAz, and CMfinder algorithms, which correlate nucleotides and other features of RNA structure formation and maintenance. In plants, RNA Recognition Motif (RRM), an 80- amino acid protected motif, is one of the most abundant protein motifs in eukaryotes. This motif has various important roles like participating in growth processes and responding to stresses in plants, and accelerating different metabolic processes. In addition, further analysis of ORRM family members represented presence of ORRM2, ORRM3 and ORRM4 acting as RNA editing factors in mitochondria as well as ORRM6 which is a chloroplast RNA editing factor. Among the construction motifs, the Pseudoknot motif which contributes to several biological activities such as altering expression of pathogenic genes in some viruses and formation of telomerase and self-truncating introns is of great significance, since these are important breeding factors in biotechnology. Based on the results of the study, it can be proposed that further studies on bioinformatics analysis of plant motifs are required to be implemented to open new windows on controlling pathogens in plants.
Phyto-pharmacology
Seham Mansour Ismail
Abstract
In insecticide resistance research on cotton leafworm multiple resistance mechanisms, including behavioral resistance, some types of physiological resistance (e.g. increasing activities of esterases), were identified as conferring organophosphate insecticide resistance in Spodoptera littoralis (Boisdüval, ...
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In insecticide resistance research on cotton leafworm multiple resistance mechanisms, including behavioral resistance, some types of physiological resistance (e.g. increasing activities of esterases), were identified as conferring organophosphate insecticide resistance in Spodoptera littoralis (Boisdüval, 1833) after decades used in Egypt. Enzyme kinetic parameters (Km and Vmax) and in vitro inhibition were used to detect variations in Cholinesterase (ChE) and Aliesterase (Ali-E) activities among different field populations and determine tolerance levels of field populations to chlorpyrifos using the dipping technique. Results revealed that, S. littoralis resistance levels in fourth-instar larvae exposed to chlorpyrifos were 9- to 120-fold in field populations compared with an insecticide-susceptible population. Activity of esterase preparations of larval head homogenates varied, that is the relative activity of ChE and Ali-E were 1.71 and 4.23-fold respectively in heavily-sprayed field populations while recorded 1.27 and 2.53-fold in desert field populations. The kinetic studies revealed that the Michaelis Constant (Km) and Maximal velocity (Vmax) values of ChE and Ali-E were higher in all field populations than susceptible population. The affinity of ChE, toward alpha-naphthyl acetate (α-NA) as a substrate, in S. littoralis was higher than that of Ali-E in all field populations. The ChE and Ali-E level was higher in the field-populations than its level in susceptible-population. Results revealed that the Ali-E was much more sensitive to in vitro inhibition by chlorpyrifos than ChE in field populations, meaning that ChE had an antagonistic effect on chlorpyrifos.
Plant Cell, Organ and Tissue Culture
Mohammad Esmaeil Naddaf; Gholamreza Rabiei; Ebrahim Ganji Moghadam; Abdorahman Mohammadkhani
Abstract
Plum Pox Virus (PPV) is one of the most common viral agents in sweet cherry. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of culturing method and explant type for production of PPV-free plants in sweet cherry cv. Siahe-Mashhad, in a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design ...
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Plum Pox Virus (PPV) is one of the most common viral agents in sweet cherry. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of culturing method and explant type for production of PPV-free plants in sweet cherry cv. Siahe-Mashhad, in a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design (CRD). The first factor was the culturing method in two levels (A: Meristem culture and B: Micro-grafting) and the second factor, the type of explants in four levels (M1S1: 5mm and in vivo explant, M1S2: 2mm and in vivo explant, M2S1: 2mm and in vitro explant and M2S2: 5mm and in vitro explant). Explants of shoot tips were cultured for meristem culture as well as micro-grafting on the 'Gissela 6' rootstock and then cultured in a MS medium containing 1 mg.l-l BAP in controlled conditions. The results showed that among the types of explant in both survival and health plantlet indices was significant, but there was a significant difference in the culturing method only in the survival plantlet index and their interaction (at 5% level). The highest percentage of survival plantlet index (48.6%) was recorded for meristem culture when explant was 5 mm in vitro and the highest percentage of healthy planted index (41.6%) was obtained for meristem culture when 2 mm in vitro explants was used. The results of percentage of healthy plantlets in total detection of PPV using Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test showed that 30.5% of all regenerated plants in both cultures were PPV- free.
Bioinformatics
Zahra Shirazi; Fatemeh Khakdan
Abstract
Biotic and abiotic stresses are the main problems affecting the quantity and quality losses of antioxidants in wild cherry (Prunus avium L), which provide health benefits to humans, such as anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anti-cancer benefits. Glutathione peroxidase (GPX) isoenzymes ...
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Biotic and abiotic stresses are the main problems affecting the quantity and quality losses of antioxidants in wild cherry (Prunus avium L), which provide health benefits to humans, such as anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anti-cancer benefits. Glutathione peroxidase (GPX) isoenzymes act a major role in responding to oxidative stresses through the multiple metabolic pathways. Protein sequences of GPXs family form Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa were used to identify homologous proteins by the BlastP in the sweet cherry’s genome. After the alignment, the existence of the specific domain, phylogenetic relationships, subcellular localization analysis, as well as exon-intron structures and conserved motives were evaluated in this study. MicroRNA target site and codon usage bias were also investigated. Furthermore, the existence of cis-regulatory element and SSR markers were identified. The three-dimensional structure of the GPXs protein prediction and the accuracy of the predicted model was also investigated. Regarding molecular docking, the best pose for considering the accuracy of binding site was evaluated. Finally, by analyzing biological process and molecular function, gene ontology of the predicted protein was considered. We identified the five GPX genes in P. avium that classified into 3 separate groups based on their phylogenetic relationships. The predicted subcellular localization showed the GPX proteins that localized both chloroplast and mitochondria. Also, results showed ENC values were ranked 45.92 to 59.21 in PavGPX3 and PavGPX2. The results of cis‐regulatory elements showed PavGPX8 contained ten cis‐regulatory elements which was the lowest number among PavGPXs. The best pose and protein interaction in the verified 3D model were the first pose with the -28.5 minimization energy in docking process. It was concluded that the precise information on putative roles of P. avium GPXs genes could be helpful in determining their functional characterizations. The presence of several developmental process, stresses, light and hormones- responsive elements in the upstream of these genes, and GPXs‐targeted miRNAs suggested that GPX family members may play various roles in different biological responses. Finally, the GPXs gene was proposed as a good candidate for genetic engineering and breeding programs in order to introduce an abiotic stress- tolerant cultivar.
Bioinformatics
Fatemeh Dehghan-Nayeri
Abstract
Background: Today, the production of plant secondary metabolites has been fastened because of the health value of these products for clinical applications. To date, considerable number of secondary substances have isolated from natural sources through which chemists and biochemists could develop new ...
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Background: Today, the production of plant secondary metabolites has been fastened because of the health value of these products for clinical applications. To date, considerable number of secondary substances have isolated from natural sources through which chemists and biochemists could develop new scaffolds for drug design policies. Unfortunately, the plants only produced a limited quantity of metabolites that might not be enough for isolation and commercial uses. The majority of drug-like metabolites has isolated from wild plants and this issue may threaten the natural diversity of these species within nature. Therefore, finding a promising way to enhance the production of plant metabolites can help researchers for bulky production of these compounds. Over the past decades, various types of bioinoculants have been crafted based on the diversity of soil microorganisms and introduced into global markets for increasing the yield of crop plants. Result: The growing body of evidence suggests that biofertilizers could improve the growth of medicinal plants vegetative parts which comprised a variety of natural products. The effectiveness of biofertilizers for this issue depends on various factors including the stage of medicinal plant development, soil texture, environmental factors and the power of medicinal plants roots for absorbing nearby nutrients. Conclusion: Therefore, specification of biofertilizers for the cultivation of medicinal plants should be taken into consideration to increase the yield of medicinal plants for clinical application.
Bioinformatics
Fatemeh Dehghan-Nayeri
Abstract
Background: Bacterium-based fertilizers are functional bio-inoculants comprised different types of soil bacteria widely used for enhancing the growth of plants. The bacterial strains used for crafting biofertilizers mainly isolated from agricultural soils showed potential plant-growth-promoting traits ...
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Background: Bacterium-based fertilizers are functional bio-inoculants comprised different types of soil bacteria widely used for enhancing the growth of plants. The bacterial strains used for crafting biofertilizers mainly isolated from agricultural soils showed potential plant-growth-promoting traits and could enhance the quality of plant root system development and differentiation. Methods: Up to date, various types of Gram-positive and negative bacterial isolates were characterized that showed differential plant-growth-promoting properties. The only challenge with these strains is that most of PGPRs might lose their functionality after isolation from soil layers, therefore leading to a significant decrease in their biological activity. The application of biotechnological methods for enhancing the gene expression profile of such bacteria can regenerate their potential for regaining their acknowledged properties to affect plant growth. In the case of medicinal plants, lower production of vegetative sections might affect the total synthesis of useful secondary metabolites used for different proposes. Therefore, enriching the soil rhizosphere around root system of medicinal plants using exotic bacteria may change the rate of their growth and metabolite production. Results: The current literature suggested that various types of PGPRs could produce phytohormones like auxin to enhance the growth of plants. Indeed, these strains are also able to provide extra level of natural nutrient in the nearby of medicinal plant roots and therefore have the potential to guarantee their sustainable growth within harsh environment. In this respect, understanding the interaction between medicinal plants root system and soil rhizobacteria can open a new window for engineering different types of PGPRs for medicinal production. Conclusion: In this review, the current trends on the biotechnological advancements for improving plant-growth-promoting traits of soil bacteria will be discussed and possible routes for re-introduce effective isolates into soil were reviewed.
Genetic engineering
Ahmad Asgharzadeh
Abstract
Background: Today, the application of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi and alga for enhancing cashing crops growth has been increased. A wide-spectrum ranges of microorganisms have been isolated from rhizosphere, phyllosphere, soils and mines that showed potential benefits for enhancing plant production. ...
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Background: Today, the application of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi and alga for enhancing cashing crops growth has been increased. A wide-spectrum ranges of microorganisms have been isolated from rhizosphere, phyllosphere, soils and mines that showed potential benefits for enhancing plant production. These microorganisms are effective beneficial, symbiont and plant stimulator that could provide a considerable amount of essential nutrient for plant roots, protect plants from stresses and finally affected the total yield of plants. The selection of proper bacteria or fungus species for introducing into the agricultural soils that used for cultivation of economic and strategic plants such as cereals, oil-yielding trees and commercial seeds, depend on various factors such as target hosts, the population of soil microorganisms, environmental tensions and survival potential of introduced bacteria. Various microbiological methods such as engineering the bacterial genome, introduction of exotic genes into bacterial/fungal strains, enhancing metabolic pathways of microorganism and something like that have been followed to improve the interaction between strategic plant roots and nearby microorganisms. Results: The accumulating body of evidence speculates that any modification in the genome sequence of PGPRs could affect their potential to produce plant growth stimulants. In this regard, studies suggested that over-expression of genes involved in plants yield and regulation of them could relatively support stronger interaction of soil microorganisms with plant roots. Microbiological engineering of soil could also effectively change nutrient recycle around plant roots provided higher level of nutritional elements for plant growth. Therefore, any changes in the population of beneficial soil microbiota are associated with higher growth of plants and their sustainable development in zero-element soils. Conclusion: Because the inappropriate application of plant-growth-enhancing microbiota may show injudicious effects on native soil microorganism, the utilization of novel and practical microbial biotechnology methods can overcome this problem for long-term application of bacterium/fungal-based biofertilizers for agricultural goals.
Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR)
Ahmad Asgharzadeh
Abstract
The growing body of evidence suggests that plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs) are among most important soil microorganisms that could potentially affect the sustainable growth of plant species. To date, scientific investigations unraveled that various types of PGPRs have been isolated from ...
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The growing body of evidence suggests that plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs) are among most important soil microorganisms that could potentially affect the sustainable growth of plant species. To date, scientific investigations unraveled that various types of PGPRs have been isolated from agricultural soils that showed potential benefits to produce phytohormones, biocontrol agents, plant growth stimulants, and enhance soil quality. The majority of researches that have been conducted on PGPRs mainly focused on the applications of these strains for agricultural proposes. During the past decades, the application of PGPRs to enhance the growth of edible mushrooms mycelia has significantly received much attention from researchers. According to estimations, the global market of edible mushrooms has been increased during the past years because of increasing demands for regular consumption of specific types of cashing mushrooms. In this regard, several studies reported that a variety of PGPRs such as Pseudomonas strains have the capability to increase the growth of fungal mycelia through secretion of specific types of metabolites into compost and casing soil materials. Researches also highlighted this fact that PGPRs could suppress the development of mushroom pathogens such as Trichoderma agrressivum that are highly remarkable concerns for commercial mushroom growers. The ability of PGPRs to control fungal pathogens and enhance the growth of edible mushrooms is depending on several factors such the strain of bacteria, target edible mushrooms and the quality of mushroom producing compartments. However, the specification of PGPRs for sustainable growth of edible mushrooms is still required extensive researches on these strains to display bacteria biological mode of action to modify the quality mushroom growth and increase mushroom yield. In this respect, the current paper deals with recent trends on the application of PGPRs for improving the cultivation of commercial cashing mushrooms and tries to provide a perspective for large-scale application of beneficial bacterial strains for edible mushroom industry.
Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR)
Neda Alizadeh
Abstract
Today, working under a highly controlled safety condition in biological laboratories is becoming an important issue among researchers. Working in such environments requires considerable levels of attention to hazardous agents, microbial pathogens and/or biological sources might enter the laboratory. ...
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Today, working under a highly controlled safety condition in biological laboratories is becoming an important issue among researchers. Working in such environments requires considerable levels of attention to hazardous agents, microbial pathogens and/or biological sources might enter the laboratory. In the case of soil biology laboratories, soil scientists mainly deal with a wide variety of microorganisms that either isolated from soil samples or soil-related areas. Though these microorganisms have not dangerous for lab assistants and lab technicians, nevertheless, considering safety issues during the isolation of these species from target samples, their subculture processes, and formulating them into biofertilizers will need a great level of attention to reduce all concerns might be associated with the possibility of their pathogenicity for lab staffs. In this review, the recent trends on safety standards for working with microorganisms in soil biology laboratories have been discussed. The review will try to place extra concentration on self-protecting points during working with soil microorganisms and pave a way for a better understanding of experimental standards in soil biology laboratories.
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